Serum Albumin == Serum albumin is widely distributed across various mammalian species and belongs to a class of multifunctional proteins that exhibit high conservation in both sequence and structure

Serum Albumin == Serum albumin is widely distributed across various mammalian species and belongs to a class of multifunctional proteins that exhibit high conservation in both sequence and structure. immunoinformatics. Finally, it presents future prospects for the prevention and treatment of human allergies caused by cats and dogs. This review will improve knowledge regarding allergies to cats and dogs while providing insights into potential targets for the development of next-generation treatments. Keywords:allergy, pet allergen, epitope, IgY antibody, immunotherapy == 1. Introduction == Allergic reactions, also known as type I leniolisib (CDZ 173) hypersensitivity, occur when the bodys pre-existing immune system is re-exposed to the same allergen, resulting in an excessive immune response mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE). Common clinical symptoms include urticaria, eczema, asthma, rhinitis, vomiting, diarrhea, and potentially life-threatening anaphylactic shock [1]. This prevalent global condition involves ubiquitous allergens that bind to IgE antibodies and trigger the aforementioned reactions in daily life, such as pollen, food, dust mites, microorganisms, animal dander, and insect bites [2]. Among these allergens, cat and dog dander are considered significant factors in the development of allergic asthma and rhinitis, with their leniolisib (CDZ 173) prevalence increasing over time [3]. Approximately 1020% of surveyed individuals exhibit sensitivity to cat dander, while 1218% are sensitive to dog dander [4,5]. In a study conducted in China to investigate allergies, it was found that both cats and dogs play a crucial role in triggering allergic reactions by assessing levels of allergen-specific antibodies in patients [6]. The growing population of cats and dogs in China implies an increasing threat posed by the presence of dog and cat allergens in the air. Furthermore, it has been observed that allergens from cats and dogs significantly contribute to allergic reactions worldwide (Table 1). Notably, leniolisib (CDZ 173) among individuals with symptomatic sensitization in developed countries, the prevalence of sensitization to cats and dogs may exceed one-fifth [6]. Individuals who keep pets at home inadvertently transport allergens to their workplace, resulting in a 57.6% higher median concentration of allergen Fel d 1 in offices owned by cat owners compared to non-cat owners; similarly, there is a 77.14% higher median concentration of Can f 1 allergen in offices owned by dog owners compared to non-dog owners [7]. Even individuals lacking prior pet ownership experiences can detect the presence of cat and dog allergens within their households if they reside in communities with high rates of pet keeping [8]. Additionally, it has been observed that specific cat allergens persist in indoor air for a duration of 69 months even after pets have been removed [9]. These findings undoubtedly contribute to an increased risk of allergic diseases caused by pets, imposing significant health and economic burdens on the general public. == Table 1. == Frequency of sensitization to cat and dog allergens in different countries. Currently, there is a lack of convenient and effective methods for the treatment of human allergies to cats and dogs. One predominant approach involves alleviating allergic symptoms through the administration of antihistamines, corticosteroids, or decongestants [23]. Another method is allergen immunotherapy, which needs gradual exposure to allergens to facilitate adaptation without eliciting excessive reactions. However, these treatments have prolonged durations, and desensitization vaccines are susceptible to adverse reactions [24]. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive literature survey on allergens from cats and dogs, providing detailed insights into their classification and pathogenic mechanisms. Moreover, we summarized recent advancements in strategies for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases, followed by methods to enhance immunotherapy. == 2. Sources of Allergens == The World Health Organization (WHO) has registered eight allergens each for cats and dogs (Table 2). Among cat allergens, Fel d 1, Fel d 7, and Fel d 4 exhibit the highest frequencies of IgE recognition and the ability to activate basophilic granulocytes. The median allergen concentration required to reach CHK1 the activation plateau in a basophilic leukemia cell line expressing human high-affinity IgE receptor (FcRI) is approximately 0.1 ng/mL for Fel d 1, 1 ng/mL for Fel d 7, and also 1 ng/mL for Fel d 4; these levels.